About the Author
Glenn Ellen Starr Stilling is a librarian and professor at Belk
Library, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina.
She received a B.A. in English (1975), M.A. in English (1978),
and M.L. S. (1978) from the University of South Carolina. Her
primary responsibilities at Appalachian are library instruction
and reference. She has been with Appalachian State University
since January 1985. She worked at Pembroke State University’s
(now UNC-Pembroke) Mary Livermore Library (now Sampson-Livermore Library) from mid-1980 through
December 1984. During that time, she lived first in Lumberton
and then in Pembroke. She began work on The Lumbee Indians:
An Annotated Bibliography while at Appalachian State University.
She made frequent visits to Robeson County during 1990-1994 while
working on the book; again in early 1996 while working on the
"Lumbee Literature, Art and Music" presentation;
as a member of the Lumbee
River Fund Advisory Committee; and in 2007 during an off-campus scholarly assignment devoted to this Web site.
Glenn Ellen has also written numerous articles for Salem
Press encyclopedias (ranging in length from 250 to 5,000 words) on topics
related to women's studies, the sixties, Native Americans, African Americans,
censorship, propaganda, psychology, family life, aging, and domestic violence.
She has also written articles for the Encyclopedia of Appalachia, Social Issues in America, and Encyclopedia of Native Americans and Sport. She has
written journal articles and a book chapter related to library skills; they
appear in Research Strategies, Journal of Recreation and Park Administration,Teaching
and Learning at Appalachian, and Introduction to Leisure Services
in North Carolina. She was guest editor for the second annual
issue of Teaching and Learning at Appalachian and guest book review
editor for two issues of National Women's Studies Association Journal.
Her book reviews have appeared in North Carolina Libraries, NWSA Journal,
College and Research Libraries, Counterpoise, and LOEX News. Her article on the Lumbee appears in the Encyclopedia of North Carolina, published in 2006. She also wrote the article on the Lumbee for the Ethnicity volume of The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, which is due to appear in the University of North Carolina Press’s upcoming Spring/Summer 2007 catalog. For over ten years she has been a volunteer indexer (now a Senior Contributor) for the ABELL (Annual
Bibliography of English Language and Literature) database. She has written
articles on issues related to domestic violence and sexual assault for News
from OASIS, the newsletter of an agency providing support for victims
of domestic violence and sexual assault in western North Carolina. See the Appalachian State University Library's Faculty Publications Database for a complete list of her publications.
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Foreword
by Adolph L. Dial
from
The Lumbee Indians: An annotated bibliography
(McFarland, 1994)
Some librarians spend their lives working with books and never develop a taste for research and writing. Others become interested in certain topics, and go forward to do important research in that field. The latter is the case with Glenn Ellen Starr.
Ms. Starr lived from 1980 until 1984 in the Lumbee community, working as a reference librarian in the Mary Livermore Library of Pembroke State University, the institution which was founded as an Indian Normal School. She was, and remains, a friend of the Lumbee Indian people.
The Lumbee have not always been well known. With few exceptions it has only been when specific events arise (such as the routing of the Ku Klux Klan in 1958 or the question put by young Adrian Andrade to President Clinton on national television in 1993) that the Lumbee gain widespread attention.
Presently the Lumbee are involved in a more-than-100-year struggle for federal recognition, and I believe that this bibliography will be extremely important for research as the Lumbee continue this fight
Ms. Starr has compiled what is without a doubt the most extensive bibliography on the Indians of Robeson County, North Carolina. This work will be useful for anyone doing research on this comprehensive subject, whether at the undergraduate, graduate, or professional level. With more than 1,400 entries, it demonstrates the extent of writing about the Indians of this area.
This work is more than a bibliography. Because of its organization into topics, and further into chronological sequence, it is also an important step forward in the study of the Lumbee. Its excellent organization will facilitate the work of all future researchers in this field. In addition to covering a wide range of topics, it also includes an index to the Carolina Indian Voice, a newspaper published in the Lumbee community by Lumbee people.
As a Lumbee historian, I recognize this work as an outstanding contribution to North Carolina history, and especially to Lumbee history. I highly recommend this bibliography to both Indian and non-Indian people. Anyone interested in the Lumbee will find this bibliography to be the most useful item in print. Congratulations to Glenn Ellen Starr on her endeavor.
Adolph L. Dial
Professor Emeritus
Pembroke State University
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Introduction
by Glenn Ellen Starr Stilling
from
The Lumbee Indians: An annotated bibliography
(McFarland, 1994)
The Lumbee are commendable in the pride they exhibit, in their struggles against continual problems and prejudices, and in their efforts to clarify and assert their identity. They have gone from achieving basic civil rights to striving for recognition as a unique group. Throughout this process, the Lumbees have attracted considerable popular and scholarly attention.
For some years, the Lumbee ssuffered prejudice because their history was not well documented. In 1975, Adolph Dial said their origins were "clouded in mystery" (see bibliography entry 54 and p. xiv of that work). Progress has been made recently, however. The RobesonTrails Archaeological Survey (1988) found that Robeson County has been inhabited for at least 14,000 years; more intensive testing of its major sites has been conducted (see entry 1071). In 1989, several scholars (Jack Campisi, Raymond Fogelson, William Sturtevant, andJames Merrell) asserted that, considering the scarcity of existing records on Carolina Indians, there is sufficient evidence to support Lumbee descent from the Cheraws. Gerald Sider (see entry 59 p.xii) concurs; he states, "None of the reasons that are usually given for the contestability of Lumbee identity can withstand even a few hours of close investigation; each of these 'reasons' refers to social and cultural conditions that are in fact widespread among Native Americans." The BIA's Branch of Acknowledgment Research, having examined the relevant data in the Lumbee Petition, disagrees (see entry 1383).
Lumbees have been criticized for having no strong remnants or memory of what many people feel Indians should have—a "different" culture. Steadfastly they have proclaimed, "we know who we are" and "we are what we say we are." Jeannette Henry, at the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars (1970), noted their lack of treaties, a separate language, and a tribal society. She added, "the Lumbee may be what everybody else [i.e., other Indians] is going to be in twenty or thirty years."
While their origins and culture may not conform to persistent stereotypes of Indians, their distinctiveness as a group is undeniable. They exhibit several strong and consistent values and characteristics: love of family and children; strong religious beliefs; several common surnames that occur in Robeson County only among Lumbees (see entry 48 and p. 8 of that work); characteristic speech patterns; a "decentralized, informal, kin-based leadership system" (see entry 1380 and p. 17 of that work); adherence to Robeson County as "home,'' wherever they settle; preference for rural living and the outdoors; resentment of authority; tendency to settle differences or react to insults by fighting or violence; and others, all noted in the literature. Indeed, William Sturtevant stated, in a 1988 Congressional hearing, "Anthropologists over the last 100 years have agreed, everyone that has looked at the Lumbee case, that they are an Indian tribe ... I think one could say that anthropologists, as a profession, view the Lumbees as an Indian tribe" (see entry 1380 and p. 22 of that work). Karen Blu concluded The Lumbee Problem (1980) by stating, "Their identity has done more than allow the Lumbee to survive; it has been an active, motivating force enabling them to flourish" (p.235). Other tribes in North Carolina and California have emulated the Lumbees' political strategies because of their success, particularly in education and state recognition.
Because of this long-standing interest in the Lumbees—from all quarters of the popular and scholarly literature—and because their achievements have won attention that is likely to continue, an extensive guide to the literature was needed. When I worked as a reference librarian at Pembroke State University's Mary Livermore Library, our library staff observed the increase in "mainstream" publications on the Lumbees. Dean Williams, then assistant director for Public Services, had the foresight to begin a card file of Lumbee materials which is the nucleus of this bibliography.
Information on a topic related to Lumbee Indians might be found in several different sections of this book. Users should check the pertinent category in the annotated bibliography and also look under relevant terms in the subject index and in the Carolina Indian Voice index. Congressional hearings and reports, listed in the "Federal Bills, etc." section of the annotated bibliography, are rich sources of information.
Notes on the compilation of the annotated bibliography
In compiling this bibliography, I used many forms of research. I scanned the existing Lumbee bibliographie,s, consulted the notes and bibliographies of all items except those marked "Not seen" or "Forthcoming"; used bibliographies on Native Americans, North Carolina, Southern history, and other relevant topics; searched several online and CD-ROM databases (including ABC-CLIO's Bibliography of
Native North Americans); contacted people who have written about the Lumbees or have a strong interest in them; searched printed periodical indexes, reference books, library card and online catalogs, OCLC and RLIN, and resource center holdings; scanned books on North Carolina, Southeastern, and American Indians; checked several libraries' vertical files; and taken advantage of serendipity.
The cutoffdate for inclusion of new items was October 1993. The bibliography emphasizes materials available in collections open to the general public—libraries, museums, archives, and resource centers. There are undoubtedly other materials, not listed here, in individuals' private collections or in the offices of agencies that do not have a library function. Generally, I have not sought such items and have included few of them. I have not excluded any materials because of format. Given the volume of information, however, I have been comprehensive (rather than exhaustive) in including manuscripts and correspondence of government agencies with the Lumbees. Annotations in the pertinent sections note ways in which the researcher can obtain fuller lists of manuscripts, archival materials, and government correspondence found in the Lumbee Petition; some of the primary sources and most of the contemporary newspaper articles on Henry Berry Lowry cited in To Die Game; and the archaeological reports listed in the Robeson Trails Archaeological Survey.
Many brief mentions of the Lumbees, especially those which tend to duplicate information given in other sources, have been excluded. As an aid to reference librarians and to users outside Robeson County, I have noted a number of articles in reference books, sections in readily available books on North Carolina or on Sutheastern Indians, and articles in widely available magazines and newspapers. To help researchers who visit or live in Robeson County, I have given Robeson County library locations for many items. I have not listed every Robeson County library location for a particular item, and have not given oldings for every item that may be in Robeson County libraries. Occasionally, I have given North Carolina research library locations.
My annotations are generally descriptive, rather than evaluative. Items I have not seen (including forthcoming works), or have seen only a portion of, are so marked. If the title is self-explanatory, or if the item duplicates information found in other items in the same section of the bibliography, I have left it briefly described or unannotated.
The categories in the bibliography reflect the patterns takeon on by the literature itself. I have tried to "cluster" references, since people often look for information in the way they have heard or read about it. Conversely, I have tried to avoid too many subcategories. In nearly all cases, each item is listed only once. The cross-references in annotations, and the
Subject Index, should provide users with several points of access. Within categories, citations are in chronological order. When the item provides no publication date, I have placed it according to my best estimate of the date. The entry numbers allow cross-referencing from one item to another within the bibliography, and from the Chronology to the bibliography.
The annotated bibliography and the Carolina Indian Voice
include a few topics that are somewhat peripheral to research on the Lumbee (for instance, early articles on canoe trips down the Lumbee River; and items concerning "Britt's Blitz"). They are included as aids to research on Robeson County.
I have included newspaper articles found in clippings files of various libraries. If the newspaper has been microfilmed, I checked the microfilm to verify the date and page number written in on the clipping. If I was unable to verify the clipping in the microfilmed version of the newspaper, or if the newspaper has not been microfilmed, I usually provided the bibliographic data that was pencilled in on the clipping andhave also listed the location of the clippings file. For newspaper articles, section and page numbers are sometimes abbreviated: Charlotte Observer 22 April 1934: 3-2 refers to section 3, page 2.
Within annotations for newspaper articles, if only a date and page number are given for a related article, the article is from the same newspaper as the one in the main citation.
I have interchangeably used the terms Croatan, County Indians, Robeson County Indians, and Lumbees throughout this book. I have usually—but not always—used the tribal name that corresponds to the historical period of the item being cited or annotated. The same is true for Pembroke State University and its earlier names.
Overviews of education; Public Schools. Newspaper articles on double- voting were excluded, since the topic received extensive coverage in the Carolina Indian Voice.
Lumbee Culture. For literary works, I have used the same selection criteria as Robert Reising in entry 326: belletristic works by and or about Lumbee Indians. I have omitted many of the works he lists, selecting only major works and works written or discovered since the publication of his bibliography. Only a few items on Strike at the Wind! are listed here, since there are many references in the Carolina Indian Voice index. Literary and dramatic depictions of Henry Berry Lowry are included here, rather than in the section on the Henry Berry Lowry era. Only a few of the albums recorded by Lumbee gospel groups are included.
Origins of the tribe. Most works of the early travel writers who are frequently cited in support ofthe Lost Colony theory are not included, with the exception of John Lawson. References to these writings, as well as quotations from them, are easily obtained from the many discussions of the Lost Colony theory listed in this section.
The Tuscarora Indians of Robeson County. This section is selective. Users needing more materials should consult the Tuscarora Petition for Federal Recognition (entry 755).
Community service; sports and athletics. Few items on Gene Locklear are included here, because there are numerous references in the Carolina Indian Voice index.
Baltimore. Newspaper articles without page numbers were found in the clippings files of Enoch Pratt Free Library (Baltimore) or the Maryland Historical Society Library (Baltimore).
Biographical sources. This section includes collective biographies. Items dealing with one person are found in the section(s) corresponding to that person's main achievements or contributions. Sketches on Joseph Oxendine, for example, are under Higher Education and Pembroke State University; Willie French Lowery, Lumbee Culture; and Dexter Brooks, Crime and Criminal Justice.
Genalogical materials; photography. This section lists a few basic tools for Robeson County genealogy and concentrates on materials related to Lumbees. Robeson County Public Library houses other useful items not listed here.
Archaeology of the Robeson County area. This section is selective, since the Robeson Trails Archaeological Survey (entry 1071) lists all previous archaeological investigations of the area.
The Henry Berry Lowry era. Many of the primary sources used by McKee Evans in To Die Game and cited in his footnotes and "Essay on Sources" are not included. I have listed the major works; a selection of newspaper articles, from the Lowry Gang era to the present; and items that have appeared since Evans's book.
Activism since the late 1980s. Since coverage of the Robesonian hostage-taking and Julian Pierce's murder was voluminous, I have included only a selection of items, documenting the major developments.
Federal bills; state and federal laws; federal hearings and reports, etc. This section includes government reports dealing directly with the Lumbees. Other government reports that mention or deal indirectly with the Lumbees are included in the pertinent section for the overall topic of the report.
Chronology of Significant Events in the History of Robeson County Indians.
Emphasis is on laws, institutions, political events, major individual achievements, and contributions to research and scholarship on Lumbee Indians. The dates were verified in sources as close to the time of the event, or as reliable, as possible. Bracketed numbers refer to entries in the annotated bibliography.
[Note: Some sections of the Introduction were omitted, because they will not be relevant once all of the material from the book is added to this site. The introduction to the Carolina Indian Voice Index appears as a link from the page for downloading the PDF file of that index.] |
