POUN001. Pound, Louise. “Miscellany.” American Speech 21.3 (October 1946): 227-238.

TOWA001. “Towards the understanding of ethnic distinction and r-lessness in multi-ethnic southern communities: a study of Lumbee Indian Vernacular English.” Draft. 17 pages. 

WOLF002. Wolfram, Walt, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Roscoe Johnson, James Peterson, and Yancey R. Hall.  “Dialect mixing and ethnic identity in Lumbee English.” SECOL 50. Memphis, TN. April 1994.

LOCK001. Locklear, Hayes A.; Natalie Schilling-Estes, Walt Wolfram, and Clare J. Dannenberg. A dialect dictionary of Lumbee English. Raleigh, NC; The North Carolina Language and Life Project, North Carolina State U, June 1996.

DANN003. Dannenberg, Clare Jacobs. “Moving toward a diachronic and synchronic definition of Lumbee English.”   Thesis. North Carolina State University, 1996. 105 pages. 
Key source

MILL002. Miller, Jason Paul. “Mixed sociological alignment and ethnic identity: r-lessness in a Native American community.” Thesis. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, 1996.

WOLF001. Wolfram, Walt. “Delineation and description in dialectology: the case of perfective I'm in Lumbee English.” American Speech 71.1 (Spring 1996): 5-26. 

JACK001. Jackson, Stacie Jane. “A comparative profile of vernacular phonology: Lumbee Vernacular English and African-American Vernacular English in Robeson County.” Thesis.  North Carolina Central University, 1997.

DANN002. Dannenberg, Clare J. “Grammatical and phonological manifestations of null copula in a tri-ethnic contact situation.” Paper presented at 1997 NWAVE session on Grammatical Structures in AAVE.

WOLF003. Wolfram, Walt, and Jason Sellers. “Alternative regularization patterning and ethnic marking in a tri-ethnic southern community.” Paper presented at the Southeastern Conference on Linguistics 56, Charlotte, NC, April 1997. 16 pages.

SCHI001. Schilling-Estes, Natalie. “Intra-ethnic differentiation and cross-ethnic English.” Paper presented at NWAVE 26 Conference, October 1997. 32 pages.

DANN001. Dannenberg, Clare J., and Walt Wolfram. “The roots of Lumbee language.” Revised draft. Unpublished report. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Language and Life Project, North Carolina State U, August 1997. 38 pages. 

WOLF004. Wolfram, Walt. American English: dialects and variation. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1998. Pp. 182-83.

DELO002. Deloria, Vine, Jr. “Introduction.” Speaking of Indians. By Ella Deloria. Bison Books Edition. Lincoln: Nebraska UP, 1998. Pages xv-xvii. 

HATC001. Hatch, Leah Joy. “An analysis of irregular verb usage in Lumbee English.” Project (Master of Education). North Carolina Central U, 1998. 36 pages.

DANN004. Dannenberg, Clare, and Walt Wolfram. “Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: be(s) in Lumbee English.” American Speech 73.2 (Summer 1998): 139-159.

TALK001. “Talk of the triangle: listening to the Lumbee.” Spectator Online 19 December 1998.

HERM001. Herman, David. “Toward a socionarratology: new ways of analyzing natural-language narratives.” In: Narratologies: new perspectives on narrative analysis. Ed. David Herman. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1999. Pages 218-246.

DANN006. Dannenberg, Clare J. “Sociolinguistic constructs of ethnic identity: the syntactic delineation of Lumbee English.” Dissertation. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999. 167 pages.

WOLF006. Wolfram, Walt, and Clare Dannenberg.  “Dialect identity in a tri-ethnic context: the case of Lumbee American Indian English.”  English World-Wide 20.2 (1999): 179-216. Full text available.

BOUG001. Boughman, Arvis. “The Lumbee language is coming back?” Carolina Indian Voice 25 March 1999:2.

BOUG002. Boughman, Arvis. “The Lumbee language is back!” Carolina Indian Voice 1 April 1999:2.

WOLF005. Wolfram, Walt, and Jason Sellers. “Ethnoliguistic marking of past be in Lumbee Vernacular English.” Journal of English Linguistics 27.2 (June, 1999): 94-114. 

MONT002. Montgomery, Michael, and Margaret Mishoe. “'He bes took up with a Yankee girl and moved up there to New York': the verb bes in the Carolinas and its history.” American Speech 74.3 (Fall, 1999): 240-281.

DANN005. Dannenberg, Clare J. “Grammatical and phonological manifestations of null copula in a tri-ethnic contact situation.” Journal of English Linguistics 27.1 (December 1999): 356-370.

HAMM002. Hammonds, Renee. “People's perceptions of Lumbee Vernacular English.” Thesis. Durham, NC: North Carolina Central U, 2000. 43 pages.

TORB001. Torbert, Benjamin Charles. “Native American language history traced through consonant cluster reduction: the case of Lumbee English.”  Thesis.  Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, 2000. 61 pages.

SCHI003. Schilling-Estes, Natalie. “Investigating intra-ethnic differentiation: /ay/ in Lumbee Native American English.” Language Variation and Change 12 (2000): 141-174. 
Key source

SCHI002. Schilling-Estes, Natalie. “Redrawing ethnic dividing lines through linguistic creativity.” American Speech 75.4 (2000): 357-359.

WOLF011. Wolfram, Walt. “On the construction of vernacular dialect norms.” CLS 36: The panels. The proceedings from the panels of the Chicago Linguistic Society’s thirty-sixth meeting. Volume 36-2. Ed. Arika Okrent and John P. Boyle. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 2000. Pages 335-358.

WOLF007. Wolfram, Walt, Becky Childs, and Benjamin Torbert. “Tracing language history through consonant cluster reduction: comparative evidence from isolated dialects.” Southern Journal of Linguistics 24.1 (Spring 2000): 16-40.

FORD002. Forde, Kathy Roberts. “On the swamps: the politics of language, landscape and Lumbee identity.” The Independent Weekly (Durham, NC) December 6, 2000.

INDI002. Indian by birth: the Lumbee dialect. Produced by Walt Wolfram. Narrated by Linda Oxendine. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Language and Life Project, North Carolina State University; Pembroke, NC: Museum of the Native American Resource Center, and Department of American Indian Studies, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, 2000.

KERN003. Kerns, Ursulla H. A comparison of lexical items in Lumbee Vernacular English from the Pembroke and Prospect communities. Thesis. Durham, NC: North Carolina Central U, 2001. 59 pages.

WOLF008. Wolfram, Walt. “From the brickhouse to the swamp.” American Language Review July/August 2001: 34-38. Key source

KERN002. Kerns, Schnele, and Sheila J. Bridges. “A dialectal application of Minspeak: the case of a 10-year-old Lumbee Indian male with Cri-du-Chat Syndrome.” In: “Augmentative & Alternative Communication (discipline-wide sessions).” ASHA Leader 6.15 (August 29, 2001): 17 (13 pages).

TORB002. Torbert, Benjamin. “Tracing Native American language history through consonant cluster reduction: the case of Lumbee English.” American Speech 76.4 (Winter 2001): 361-387. 35 references.

WOLF010. Wolfram, Walt, Clare Dannenberg, Stanley Knick, and Linda Oxendine. Fine in the world: Lumbee language in time and place. Pembroke, NC: Museum of the Native American Resource Center, UNC-Pembroke, 2002. 92 pages. Key source

DANN007. Dannenberg, Clare J. Sociolinguistic constructs of ethnic identity: the syntactic delineation of an American Indian English. (Publications of the American Dialect Society, no. 87) N.p.: Duke UP, 2002. 106 pages. Annotation forthcoming.

SCHI004. Schilling-Estes, Natalie. “On the nature of isolated and post-isolated dialects: Innovation, variation and differentiation.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 6.1 (2002): 64-85.

SCHI005. Schilling-Estes, Natalie. “Constructing ethnicity in interaction.” Journal of sociolinguistics 8.2 (May 2004): 163-195. 6 tables, 22 extracts.

For thorough research, please consult The Lumbee Indians: An Annotated Bibliography (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1994) which lists 4 annotated items dealing with this topic.

This page was updated on April 16, 2007 11:50 PM